Цветные металлы и сплавы
Алюминиевые сплавы получают добавлением к алюминию различных металлов. В зависимости от металла сплавы носят названия: с медью — дюралюмин марки Д; с марганцем — АМц; с магнием — магналии АМг; с магнием и кремнием — авиаль АД и АВ. В принятой стандартами маркировке стоящие в начале буквы обозначают входящие в сплав элементы, цифры — номер сплава, а в магна- лиях — содержание магния (); через черточку добавляют буквы, обозначающие состояние поставляемого материала: отожженное мягкое—М, закаленное старением — Т, искусственно закаленное — Т1. Например, АВ-М — отожженный авиаль, АМцб — сплав с 6 магния.
Положительными качествами алюминиевых сплавов являются: сравнительно небольшая плотность, примерно в 3 раза меньшая, чем у стали (р 2640 кг/м3) при высокой прочности, одинаковой для некоторых сплавов с прочностью СтЗ; высокая коррозионная стойкость — примерно в 10—20 раз выше, чем у обычной стали. Однако необходимо помнить, что алюминиевые сплавы в местах контактов со сталью, бетоном и даже между собой легко подвергаются электрохимической коррозии. Эти места надлежит защищать покраской или антикоррозионными прокладками. В настоящее время алюминиевые сплавы защищают от коррозии способом плакировки — покрытием поверхности сплавов тонким слоем чистого алюминия и анодированием. Алюминиевые сплавы пластичны, их легко обрабатывать прессованием. Хрупкость сплавов с понижением температуры ниже 0 °С уменьшается, чем они выгодно отличаются от стали.
К недостаткам алюминиевых сплавов следует отнести прежде всего высокую их стоимость — она в несколько раз выше стоимости стали; низкий модуль упругости — в 3 раза меньший, чем у стали, что приводит к пропорциональному увеличению прогибов алюминиевых конструкций при равных условиях, и значительный коэффициент линейного расширения — в 2 раза выше, чем у стали.
В строительстве наибольшее распространение получили алю- миниево-марганцевые, алюминиево-магниевые, дюралюминиевые сплавы и сплавы типа «авиаль».
Профили из алюминиевых сплавов изготовляют прессованием и прокаткой. Они бывают по сечению аналогичны прокатным профилям из стали, в виде листов, уголков, швеллеров, двутавров, труб, кругов и квадратов и самых сложных прессованных алюминиевых профилей.
Холодной прокаткой алюминиевых листов получают профилированный лист, гнутые тонколистовые профили открытого и замкнутого сечений. На рис. 1 показаны некоторые виды профилированных изделий.
Алюминиевые сплавы и конструкции из них в настоящее время находят широкое применение в строительстве при возведении перекрытий большепролетных сооружений в качестве несущих и ограждающих элементов, при строительстве цехов с агрессивными средами, в северных и отдаленных районах, где очень важны способность сплавов сохранять пластичность при низких температурах и их небольшая объемная масса, что снижает транспортные расходы. Традиционно из алюминиевых сплавов изготовляют переплеты, каркасы витражей, архитектурные детали для облицовки фасадов, подвесные потолки, а также трехслойные с легкими утеплителями стеновые и кровельные панели.
В последние годы в стране построены и строятся новые заводы по изготовлению строительных алюминиевых конструкций.
Латунь и бронза. Сплав меди с цинком (до 40%) называют латунью, а сплав меди с оловом, алюминием, марганцем или никелем — бронзой. Латунь и бронзу используют в строительстве в качестве архитектурной отделки зданий, санитарно-технической арматуры и др. В настоящее время изделия из латуни и бронзы все больше вытесняются пластмассами.
Цветные металлы в чистом виде применяют редко. В небольших количествах находят применение: алюминий в виде фольги, порошка для алюминиевой краски, в качестве газообразующей добавки при изготовлении ячеистых бетонов, а также для отливки санитарно-технических деталей; цинк для покрытий поверхностей черных металлов; свинец для зачеканки стыков и швов ответственных сооружений, например в тоннелях метрополитена. В строительстве используют сплавы цветных металлов: алюминия, меди, цинка, свинца, олова, марганца. Перечисленные сплавы обладают рядом положительных качеств: малой плотностью, высокой пластичностью и коррозионной стойкостью, а также хорошими декоративными качествами. Положительными качествами алюминиевых сплавов являются: сравнительно небольшая плотность (примерно в три раза меньшая, чем у стали) при высокой прочности; высокая коррозионная стойкость (примерно в 10—12 раз выше, чем у обычной стали). Однако необходимо помнить, что алюминиевые сплавы в местах контактов со сталью, бетоном и даже между собой легко подвергаются электролитической коррозии, эти места надлежит защищать покраской или антикоррозионными прокладками.
Алюминиевые сплавы защищают от коррозии способом планировки— покрытием поверхности сплавов тонким слоем чистого алюминия и анодированием. Такие сплавы пластичны, их легко обрабатывать прессованием. К недостаткам алюминиевых сплавов следует отнести прежде всего высокую их стоимость (она в несколько раз выше стоимости стали), низкий модуль упругости (в три раза меньше, чем у стали) и значительный коэффициент линейного расширения (в два раза выше, чем у стали).
В строительстве наибольшее распространение получили алю-миниево-марганцевые, алюминиево-магниевые, дюралюминиевые сплавы, сплавы типа «авиаль». Профили из алюминиевых сплавов изготовляют прессованием и прокаткой в виде листов, уголков, швеллеров, двутавров, труб, кругов и квадратов и самых сложных прессованных алюминиевых профилей. Холодной прокаткой алюминиевых листов получают профилированный лист, гнутые тонко листы, профили открытого и замкнутого сечений.
Алюминиевые сплавы и конструкции из них применяются при возведении перекрытий больших пролетных сооружений в качестве несущих и ограждающих элементов, при строительстве цехов с агрессивными средами, в северных и отдаленных районах, где очень важны способность сплавов сохранять пластичность при низких температурах и их небольшая объемная масса. Из алюминиевых сплавов изготавливают переплеты, витражи, архитектурные детали для облицовки фасадов, подвесные потолки, а также трехслойные с легкими утеплителями основы и кровельные панели.
Латунь и бронза также находят применение в строительстве. Сплав меди с цинком (до 40%) называют латунью, а сплав меди с оловом, алюминием, марганцем или никелем — бронзой. Латунь и бронзу используют в строительстве в качестве отделки зданий, санитарно-технической арматуры и др. Изделия из латуни и бронзы все больше вытесняются пластмассовыми.
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